نشریه فیزیولوژی محیطی گیاهی
پیاپی 7 (پاییز 1386)

Kahman reserve covers an area of 400 km2 situated in the northeast of Aleshtar. The reserved area presents a variety of habitats, including cliffs and rocky outcrops, piedmont plains, alluvial plains, valleys and aquatic habitats. Minimum and maximum elevations of study area are 1600 and 3600 m, respectively. Mean annual precipitation of the area is 554 mm and mean annual temperature is 15.2 ˚C. In this study, 228 species are collected and identified. These species belong to 47 families and 154 genera. Asteraceae with 34 species, Lamiaceae with 25 species, Fabaceae and Poaceae each with 21 species are main families of this area. Life forms using Raunkier method indicates that the therophytes with 45.1 % (101 species) and hemicryptophytes with 33.9 (76 species) are the most frequent life forms. Investigation on geographical distribution of species showed 49.1 % of species (110 species) belong to Irano – Turanian region. Of these, 25 species are endemics of Iran.

Drought stress is one of the abiotic stresses that induces reactive oxygen species(ROS) formation in plant tissues. ROS signaling promotes complex networks of antioxidant enzymes. Ascorbic acid is an important buffer protects cellular structures against oxidative attack in plants. Effect of drought stress on catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activities was evaluated in the presence and absence of ascorbate in herbal aromatic plant Pimpinella anisum L. with great value of export that exposed to controlled water deficit. This study was done in flower pot condition. Biochemical and physiological properties measured randomly in control groups and treatments (with drought 60% and 25% of field capacity and ascorbate with concentration of 1.4 mM). Results showed that with increasing stress levels in leaves CAT, APX and PPO enzyme activities increased significantly in the presence and absence of ascorbate. Activity of root CAT and APX with and without ascorbate at the level of drought 60% increased significantly and at the level 25% of field capacity decreased to the level of control. However ascorbate treatment increased significantly the root enzymatic activities in whole stress levels.

Genus Glaucium Mill. belongs to Poppy family. In this genus, 25 species was reported in the world yet. Iran have about 19 taxa and it is one of the important country for diversity of these plants. Recent research pay attention to several taxa, specially G. grandiflorum and G. haussknechtii. At the first time, morphological studied were carried out in herbarium of  Iran. Then, for more assurance, micromorphological studies on fresh and herbarium specimens from several organs, such as stigma, ovary, pedicel, stem and cauline leaves were done. Our studies confirm existence of common morphological characters and common  micromorphological of pollen grains and seeds, also similarity in anatomical structures in two species. Also there are not found suitable diagnosis characters in valid floras for these two species. Thus, according to mentioned results, the synonymy of this two species is wise.

The ability of green microalgae, Dunaliella salina for existence, growth, nitrat reductase activity and ammonium release in low light, ambient CO2 and saline condition was studied for a better understanding of it is biotechnological importance. Samples were cultivated in Johnson medium whit NaCl, 7.5, 15, 30 and 50% or without NaCl(control), 30◦C±1◦C, continious white light, 1500 lux, provided by fluorescent lamps and were aerated continiously using aquarium pumps. Based on the results of the present research, the best growth obtained in NaCl 7.5% for along term period, although in short term, a very high growth rate was obtained in NaCl 50% (Saturated salinity). Ammonium release was maximum in NaCl 50% and the nitrate reductase activity was minimum in the same salinity but there was no statistically significant correlation between ammonium release and nitrate reductase activity. The ability of Dunaliella salina in releasing high amount of ammonium and growth in low and high salinity makes it an important candidate as a new biofertilizer.

In this investigation, the effects of various concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (0.25–0.5–1–2mM) on the growth parameters in Medicago sativa L. were studied. The Treatment period was 20 days and the end of this period, the length, dry weight, and fresh weight of roots and shoots, leaves area, microscopically observation, accumulation of lead in roots and shoots, determination of soluble and insoluble sugars, total proteins and profile of proteins by SDS-PAGE, measured and studied. The statistical studies were carried out by SPSS software and variance analysis (ANOVA) and Duncan test. The results showed that lead toxicity decreased significantly roots and shoots length, leaves area, dry and fresh weight and in the high concentration of Pb+2, lignin biosynthesis and fiber were increased. Analyzing of lead content in the roots and shoots by atomic absorption indicated that, the lead absorption excess by increasing level of lead in treatments. When the concentration of lead increased, the amount of soluble sugars in shoots and roots were decreased whereas insoluble sugars in shoots were increased but in roots were decreased. By increasing lead in treatment both in shoots and roots, the total protein increased. The profile of proteins by SDS-PAGE showed some changes as compared with control plants. This research indicated that the Medicago sativa L. is a heavy metal tolerant plant and absorbed high level of lead from soil and accumulated in roots and shoots tissues.

Cotton has non limitation growth and is sensitive to environmental changes and usually grows more than natural dimension. These non limitation growths not only cause serotine of product and quaility deacresing but also increase pests, disease and harvesing expenses in cotton. Pix is one plant growth regulator that cause decrease vegetative growth in cotton.It acts as antigibberellin and inhibits synthesis this hormone. There are some researches about effect of pix on growth parameters of cotton but a little information's are about pix effects on biochemical reactions and antioxidant systems. In this research effect of different concentrations of pix includes 0 (control)10, 20, 30 and 40ppm on germination percentage, radicle length and Catalase peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in cotton seedling was evaluated. Our results showed that percentage of germination increased with increasing pix concentration. Lenght of radicle increased until 20 ppm and decreased in concentration 30 and 40 ppm of pix. Also with increasing of pix amount of soluble sugar increasd and starch content decreased Catalase activity decreased while polyphenol oxidase activity increased. Activity peroxidase also increased until 30ppm concentration.

The volatile constituents of Anthemis kotschyanaBoiss. Var. discoides (Bornm.) Grierson were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In this study samples were collected from west Azarbaigan province between Orumieh and Shahpur on lat May 2003. According to literature, this species was not the subject of research up to now and therefore its chemical composition is not well known. The major constituents of Anthemis kotschyanaBoiss. Var. discoides (Bornm.) Grierson from flower head were b-acorenol (11.9%), artemisia alcohol (9.4%), ethyl hexanoate (8.8%) and n-nonadecane (5.6%).

In this study, effects of dry stress on growth parameters, proline content, glycine betaine, catalase, proxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated in Sesbania aculeate L. This study was carried out fewer than 7 potting conditions on 7 treatments. Growth parameters such as number of leaves, area leaf, length of shoots, and number of shoots were measured during 4 stage of growth. Results indicated that increase in drought stress caused many effects on morphology and enzymes activities also decrease on growth, number of leaves, leaf area and increase in growth of root rather than shoot. Drought stress did not caused significant difference in the number of shoots. Increase in drought stress also lead to increase in glycine betaine (GB), and proline content in root and leaf. Increase in proline and GB content in leaf was higher than root. Drought stress also caused increase in catalase activity in root and leaves, and more stress also lead to more activity. Drought caused increase in peroxidase activity in leaves and root, but increases in this activity by increasing stress were only observed for root. Superoxide dismutase activity in leaves was not affected significantly by drought stress, but increased in root, by increase in stress.

Wild pistachio is one of the drought resistant species that grows in arid and semi- arid hilly areas. In addition to its industrial and feed uses, the plant species can affect biodiversity, especially in wildlife. The study of wild pistachio growth sites can help us to reduce the damage of national capital. This investigation was conducted to study wild pistachio growth sites in south Khorasan province. The main locations where have wild pistachio are: Margh (suburb of Darmian), Chenesht (suburb of Sarbishah), Chahkand (suburb of Birjand), Shah Soleiman-e- Ali (suburb of Khoosf) and Afzal Abad (suburb of Nehbandan). In these locations, soil pH and texture were often alkaline and sandy- loam. The soil contained less sufficient nitrogen and phosphor. The observed wild pistachio trees in Margh and Chenesht belong to Pistacia atlantica and P. khinjuk, but there was any one species (P. atlantica) in other places. Afzal Abad and Margh had the highest number of wild pistachio trees. Young wild pistachio trees were not observed there, probably due to recent droughts. It is recommended planting and irrigating of wild pistachio seedlings in these two areas, for keeping and increasing of vegetation. Respect to exist seedling in Chahkand and Chenesht it can be concluded that wild pistachio vegetation can be developed in these two areas. As a result of spreading Recurvaria pistaciicola in some areas (especially, in Afzal Abad) it is necessary to study different control methods. In the case of economical revenue from these vegetations, it is recommended to study about resin extraction (especially, in Afzal Abad) and grafting of pistachio on wild pistachio.